Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Ethics - Essay Example This paper discusses the virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics together with a personal experience that explains the relationship between virtue, value, and moral concepts. The Theories and Their Approach in Addressing Ethics and Morality Virtue theory The virtue theory is one of the applicable theories in determining morality of an act. The theory bases morality on a person’s character and not on intention or possible results of his or her actions. Admirable characteristics of an individual define morality within social systems. The theory further defines character as people’s demonstrated behavioral tendencies and classifies a person’s behavior as moral if such behavior is admirable among members of the society and promotes social cohesion. Further, the behavior must foster rationality in people’s actions that need to be free from selfishness and bias. Virtue ethics also avoids extremes. It is, however, criticized for its high-level var iability across societies (Brook & Dunn, 2009). Utilitarianism Utilitarianism, however, focuses on the intent to maximize utility, and is based on beneficence doctrine. This means a promotion of what is good and voidance of all sorts of action that can cause harm to other people. In either of its forms, whether act utilitarianism or rule utilitarianism, the theory identifies a person’s motive and considers morality when an action causes more benefits that harm. Act utilitarianism measures morality in terms of results of an act of omission or commission while rule utilitarianism relies on set rules of ethics, which regulate acts for beneficence, to determine morality. Utilitarianism can also be explored from philosophical perspectives that include â€Å"welfarism, consequentialism, aggregative and maximizing† (Kanniyakonil, 2007, p. 66). Welfarism focuses on the society’s well being, consequentialism focuses on impacts of actions, and aggregative aspect compares levels of good or bad that an action elicits. These approaches apply either singularly or dependently to determine morality in an act (Kanniyakonil, 2007). Deontology Deontology is another approach to determining morality. It is based on moral rules and obligations to do right in the society and its general scope defines an act as moral when a person fulfils an obligation. It, however, disregards consequences of such actions. Failing to honor an obligation with the aim of promoting good, and even achieving the desired objective, defines immorality. There exist two types of deontology: â€Å"act deontology and rule deontology† (Kanniyakonil, 2007, p. 60). Act deontology requires that a person evaluate all factors around a situation before making a decision based on direct or implied obligations. Rule deontology, however, pre-establishes standards upon which obligations are derived (Kanniyakonil, 2007). Similarities Among the Theories The major similarity among the three concep ts is their objective of determining and consequently ensuring morality. They all establish bases for evaluation and classification of people’s advances as moral or immoral, ethical or unethical. Further, deontology and utilitarianism are similar in their mode of approach. They both apply action and rules to determine morality. Applicability of all the theories also varies from one society to another based on cultural values. Their strict application in one setup may, therefore, not correspond to application in another setup (Brook & Dunn, 2009; Kanniyakonil,

Changes in Australian Employment Relations Essay

Changes in Australian Employment Relations - Essay Example This essay consists of four sections which shed light on the interference of the Australian government in the employment relationship. The first section will observe the prevalence of employment relations in Australia. The second section analyzes the past trends in Australian government interference in employment relations. The next section discusses the changes in the employment relationship. The final section provides an overall evaluation of the interference of the Australian government in employment relations.The employment relationship is described within many contexts, including economic, political, social, cultural, technological and global arenas. â€Å"The employment relationship is the legal link between employers and employees. It exists when a person performs work or services under certain conditions in return for remuneration. It is through the employment relationship, however, defined, that reciprocal rights and obligations are created between the employee and the empl oyer†. Political parties played a major role in the interference of the government in employment relations. â€Å"The State influences the employment relationship directly through laws on wages (e.g. minimum wages), working conditions (e.g. on hours of work) and many other issues, and through its role as the employer of public sector workers. It also has a series of indirect influences†. The laws made by the State are effectively implemented by the government. The term State and government are often used interchangeably. In Australia, laws have been implemented by the State regarding the employment relation. The employment relationship in Australia has an old history in which political parties played a major role. The employment relationship is often associated with industries and is sometimes known as industrial relations.  

Charlene Barshefsky Case Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Charlene Barshefsky Case Analysis - Assignment Example Using analytical framework to view the key issues and complexity of the case, the researcher will try to justify Charlene Barshefsky’s actions and suggest some alternate approaches to view the problem. This case is all about complexities regarding trade and cultural negotiation process hence the researcher will not try to give any subjective viewpoints which might spoil the purpose of the case. Recognizing multiple aspects of the case such as coalition building approach, bilateral dealings, â€Å"barriers† to agreement etc will be key features of the discussion. This piece of work will also try to understand the actions taken by respective authorities in the case in order to facilitate protection of intellectual property rights (IPR), improvement of IPR policy of People’s Republic of China and address human right issues. In the least part of this paper, the researcher will summarize the personal learning output from the case. Question 2 Research scholars such as Shapiro (2001) and O’Donoghue and Zweimuller (2004) have classified IPR as a pretty much sensitive issue when it comes to negotiating between countries. The case sheds light on International trade negotiations between China and USA in context to intellectual property rights (IPR) violation. According to the case, during mid 1990’s, USA accused China for its poor standard of IPR law which gave the opportunity to pirates to counterfeit and illegally copy entertainment and software products of USA. In 1993, USA representatives reported that Chinese pirates counterfeited USA entertainment products such as DVDs, movie CDs, software and exporting pirated CDs, DVDs to South Asian and North American countries. Such level of piracy and counterfeiting had negatively affected the trade relationship between USA and China and also decreased the market share of IPR products of USA. The case is presented from the perspective of Charlene Barshefsky who was then then-Deputy United Stat es Trade Representative (USTR) and was responsible for handling the negotiation process. In the first part, the case discusses about the challenges and barrier of negotiation faced by Charlene Barshefsky while the second part of the case study, discusses about strategic intervention used by Charlene Barshefsky and her team members to deal with the situation. However, the case is more about trade agenda regarding cross cultural negotiation process and intellectual property right issue rather than description of tariff and non-tariff obstacles related to free trade. According to the case, key assignment for Charlene Barshefsky was to offer or formulate viable strategy for establishing new intellectual property rights agreement with Chinese government. The case also underlines alternatives such as initiating Section 301 which is a unilateral action and multilateral approaches such as working as joint force with other countries to improve the IPR standard in China. Question 3 Hulse and Sebenius (2003) pointed out that working as USTR was a challenge for Charlene Barshefsky which she had taken in positive manner. She had understood the fact that she could not get the support of USA government unless make the IPR violation in China as domestic issue of

What are the principal institutions of the European Union To what Assignment

What are the principal institutions of the European Union To what extent do these institutions engage with the sources of EU law - Assignment Example The parliament runs for a period of five years and then elections held. The origin of the European Union was the steel and coal community. Its formulation took place in 1950s and has grown tremendously to what called the European Union. The administration of the European Union cannot be done by a single body but a series of institutions. They have recorded growth since 1960s. In these institutions, there are three political bodies which have the legislative and executive power in the Union (Peterson and Shackleton 2012, p. 115). One of the bodies that form the European Union is the parliament. It is in Strasburg basis, and it is an elected body. The members of this body also called the MEPs for the members of the European parliament. The voters of the member states elect these members. However, there is no seriousness among the citizens in voting these members and law turn out can be put in records. The European Union is a consultant body and not a legislative body. It consultation on the issues that influence changes and also policy suggestion lies on this body. However, it cannot introduce these policies. This can only be done by the commission. The parliament holds two powers, but it is almost unlikely that they can ever practice them. The parliament has the power to dispose the budget, but this could be difficult with the centralized currency. It would stop all the tasks of the union and break the whole idea of working together of the European countries. When crashes between the two bodies occur it woul d give an advantage to the anti European countries. This is as a result of weakening of the fabric (Peterson and Shackleton 2012, p. 117). Another power that is in possession of the parliament is the right to dismantle the commission. If two thirds of the members of parliament vote for this, it could happen. The results of this would be huge chaos, and they cannot allow it to happen. The parliaments member’s election is for a term of five

Explain how motion is possible in light of Zeno's paradoxes against Research Paper

Explain how motion is possible in light of Zeno's paradoxes against them. (This is much harder than most people realize. Math - Research Paper Example The race set in a traditionally plural world provokes a reader to draw the conclusion of the race according to the rule of the singular reality ultimately to be confounded with the result that is contradictory to his expected traditional result. Indeed Achilles can move both in a singular and a plural world, but the motion in a singular world is not perceivable since such world does not have any object of references (Whitehead 45). Definitions of Singular and Plural Universe Before defining the proposed singular and plural world thesis, it is necessary to have a clear idea of Zeno’s paradoxes of plurality. In Zeno’s word, â€Å"the universe is singular, eternal, and unchanging. The all is one.† (Brown 34) But this singular universe has a lot to do with his paradoxes of motion. In this singular universe, if Achilles takes a step toward any direction from any from where is, he will find himself where he was. This statement essentially seems to fabulous, since it is quite contradictory to real life experience. But a deeper understanding makes sense. Indeed Zeno’s singular universe is such that it consists of the only One, not of two. As a result, it is as it is. Since it consists of one, it does not provide a viewer with any chance to compare it with other. Therefore it lacks diversity. Because of its lack of diversity and presence of the others, it does not have any objects of references by which distance can be measured and any event cannot take place in it. Again because of the lacks of distance and event, space and time collapse in such a world. In it .00000000001 meter is equal to infinity; but more accurately, the previous statement is simply meaningless. In such universe whether Achilles moves one hundred miles or so back or forth, he will be where he is now. Wherever Achilles goes at what distance, he will remain at the center since such singular universe evolves out of his singular existence. Indeed, there are no â€Å"earlyâ €  and â€Å"later†. Simply there exists the â€Å"now† since there is no other event in term of which the ‘early’ can assigned a meaning. In Zeno’s singular world, one is both existent and non-existent. One is existent is the sense that it perceives itself in a self-submerged merged way and again it is nonexistent in the sense that there is no other that can prove its existence. (Grunbaum 172-83) Indeed this singular universe is one and at the same time it is many, since such one contains infinite number of ones upon its division for infinite times. Therefore one is both finite and infinite, as Zeno says, â€Å"If there are many, they must be as many as they are and neither more nor less than that. But if they are as many as they are, they would be limited. If there are many, things that are are unlimited.† (Simplicius On Aristotle's Physics, 140.29) Indeed in Zeno’s universe, one is the one. Therefore it does not have the possibil ity to join with other to produce the bigger one. The only thing that the one can do is to divide itself and upon the division, the plurality begins. Since plurality begins, relativity can grow giving birth to the sense of distance and events. As a result time starts from here. But the simplest plural world is composed of three ones, since if the simplest plural world is composed of two, they will be mirror images for each others. For example, if

Petition to waive the university mathematics requirement Essay

Petition to waive the university mathematics requirement - Essay Example he intends and to finish taking up law in the soonest possible time to help his community without having lost anything on his part and on the part of the institution. The basic questions that he proposed to answer in the article are, â€Å"Why do I need college algebra (MAT-117)? Is college algebra necessary for studying American Indian law? Will I use college algebra in my chosen field? What will the University gain or lose, from my taking college algebra or not?† (Adams par.6). The answer in all these questions is no. College Algebra is not necessary in American Indian law and in the practice of law in general. This was affirmed by a practicing lawyer. â€Å"In this netherworld, algebra and justice exist independently of one another† (par. 13). He further affirms that â€Å"I assure this committee that despite not having a formal accreditation in algebra, I will prove to be nothing less than an asset to this University and its Indian community† (par.15). If he be allowed to graduate, he will be able to help out his own community and other Native Americans as he intends and his practical experiences in life has proven that he is competent in his chosen path with or without the required Algebra subjects. On the other hand, permitting him not to finish the math courses will prevent him from having a well-rounded college experience and will not place him in equal footing with all of the other students of the University. The ASU catalog contains that the basic math requirements are necessary â€Å"(1) for a minimum level of math competency in my chosen field, and (2) to satisfy the university math requirement in order to graduate† (par. 7). All other students are required to take the subjects and Adams is not the only one who is in his advanced age enrolled in the... There is a main action expected in the end of the essay. This would be alllowing Gordon Adams to forego taking the Algebra subjects, which would enable him to graduate as he intends and to finish taking up law in the soonest possible time to help his community without having lost anything on his part and on the part of the institution. Another available option arises in the essay. On the other hand, permitting him not to finish the math courses will prevent him from having a well-rounded college experience and will not place him in equal footing with all of the other students of the University. Another point that an essay focuses on is equality. All other students are required to take the subjects and Adams is not the only one who is in his advanced age enrolled in the university. Everyone must be in equal footing since they are all within the same institution. Letting him bypass university rules will give an unwarranted precedence wherein other students may think they could apply fo r the same privilege on lesser grounds. The goals of the university are enshrined in the courses that they have set for every student and in this case it includes completing basic math requirements. In the conclusion of the essay, we see that despite these arguments, Gordon Adams must be allowed to waive the two math subjects required by the university only because he has showed evidence that he is a competent student and that the skills that the subjects aim to hone are those which he already possesses.

Assessment of the Investment Procedures of Metrobank Essay Example for Free

Assessment of the Investment Procedures of Metrobank Essay I. Metrobank A. History Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company (Metrobank) was established by a group of businessmen on September 5, 1962 at the Wellington Building in Binondo, Manila. In August 1963, the bank’s first branch was established in Divisoria. Four years later, Metrobank opened its Davao branch, the bank’s first provincial branch. At the onset of the 70s, Metrobank opened its first international branch in Taipei. The Central Bank, on April 1977, authorized Metrobank to operate a Foreign Currency Deposit Unit (FCDU). In the same year, branches and offices totaled 100 and the bank inaugurated its new Head Office at Metrobank Plaza in Makati. On August 21, 1981, the Central Bank authorized Metrobank to operate as a universal bank. Following the grant of the universal banking license, Metrobank entered the following ventures: the acquisition of majority ownership of Philippine Savings Bank (the second largest savings bank in the country at that time); the establishment of a joint travel agency venture with Thomas Cook Group in Thomas Cook Phils., Inc. in 1986; and the tying-up with Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan and Mitsui to put up Toyota Motor Philippines in 1988. Metrobank subsequently entered into joint ventures with several renowned corporations like Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation of Japan to create Sumigin Metro Investment Corporation; the National Mutual Holdings Ltd. of Australia to create Philippine AXA Life Insurance Corporation; and the ORIX of Japan to create ORIX Metro Leasing and Finance Corporation. The Old Metrobank Logo used until 2009 In September 1982, the number of Metrobank branches, offices and subsidiaries surpassed the 200 mark. A year later, Metrobank topped the entire private domestic bank in total resources with P8.8 billion. The bank continued to experience steady growth through the years and in September 1989, it increased its authorized capital stock from P2 billion to P5 billion. The bank’s total capital funds on June 30, 2006 stood at P57.3 billion. Its consolidated resources amounted to P588.1 billion as of the same period. As of June 2007 assets reached P669.1 billion ($14.5 billion) (P46=$1). Metrobank’s subsidiaries are Toyota Motor Philippines Corporation, Philippine Savings Bank, First Metro Investment Corporation, Metrobank Card Corporation, ORIX Metro Leasing and Finance Corporation, SMBC Metro Investment Corporation, First Metro Travelex (formerly Thomas Cook (Phils.)), Philippine AXA Life Insurance Corporation, Mirant Global Corporation, Philippine Charter Insurance Corporation, MBTC Technology, Inc., Toyota Financial Services Corporation, Toyota Cubao, Inc., Toyota Manila Bay Corporation, First Metro Securities Corporation, First Metro International Investment Co. Ltd., Metropolitan Bank (Bahamas) Ltd., MB Remittance Center Inc. (USA), Metro Remittance Singapore, Metro Remittance UK Limited, Metro Remittance (Italia) SpA, Metro Remittance S.A. (Spain) and MBTC Exchange Services GmbH (Austria). The Metrobank Group has a combined network of over 800 local and international branches/offices, remittance offices and subsidiaries worldwide. It has 557 domestic branches and 32 offices in New York, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul, Pusan, Guam, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Madrid, Barcelona, Vienna, Rome, Bologna, Milan, Singapore, Chicago, Hawaii, and Shanghai. On September 28, 2009, Metrobank is the first local bank to offer a line of CNY denominated offerings B. Company Profile Founded in September 5, 1962, Metropolitan Bank Trust Co. (Metrobank) has since become the premier universal bank and among the foremost financial institutions in the Philippines. It offers a full range of banking and other financial products and services, including corporate, commercial and consumer banking, as well as credit card, remittances, leasing, investment banking and trust banking. Metrobank currently spans a consolidated network of over 1,400 ATMs nationwide; over 760 domestic branches; and 38 foreign branches, subsidiaries, and representative offices. II. Investment A. Definition Investment is the action or process of investing money for profit or material result or a thing that is worth buying because it may be profitable or useful in the future. B. Investment Procedures Described here are the norms, infrastructure, standards, and procedures by which we can continually safeguard customer information and ensure its confidentiality, with your help, subject to the limitations prescribed in Section V (Limit on Liability) of the Terms and Conditions for Individual customers and Section XI (Limit on Liability) of the metrobankdirect Memorandum of Agreement for Corporate customers. In order to help you clearly understand our commitment in keeping the privacy of your information and upholding the security of your transactions, please note that the words â€Å"we†, â€Å"us†, and â€Å"our† refer to Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company (Metrobank), the flagship company of the Metrobank Group. The words â€Å"you† and â€Å"your† refer to the individual/s or corporate customer/s who opened and maintain/s one or more account/s with Metrobank and enrolled in metrobankdirect.